Search for Not-High Energy Neutrino (NNN) Manifestation in Nature:

II. Re-Interpretation of Neutrino as a Quantum of Torsion Radiation

V.A.Filimonov

Abstract

According to the novel concept of neutrino it is not a lepton but a quantum of radiation, namely of the torsion one. Its variables differ from one another by their energy solely. Absorption of neutrinos by a matter has a resonant mode, the neutrino translation velocity may be more than the same of light. Neutrino is the physical carrier of irreversibility and negaentropy, it is generated in non-equilibrium and self-organizing systems, its flow can imply on the rates of processes occuring within above systems, up to altering direction of noted processes. The wide variety of nuclear reactions are the neutrino-driven ones. Neutrinos can be generated artificially under non-nuclear processes. Neutrinos (torsions) to be united in one group with photon; the latter can be formed after fusion of the neutrino-antineutrino pair having equal or close values of torsion frequency (angular velocity). Also, photon fission yielding the above noted pair, is probable, too.

1. Introduction

The existence of neutrino was necessary for taking an energy balance over reactions of b -decay. Hereinafter we use the term "neutrino" as a label for both particles of a subgroup and their antiparticles, if other is not stipulated apart. Further it was found out that the carrier of “an imperfection of an energy” in these reactions should have a half-integer spin (angular momentum) and null electric charge, it has much smaller rest mass than that of electron and enormous penetrability due to its minute interaction with substance. Discovery of a muonic neutrino and experimental detection of its non-identity to electronic neutrino have induced physicists to assign specific integer leptonic charges to particles of a subgroup, to locate them together with antiparticles into a group of leptons and to formulate a leptonic charges conservation law at weak interactions.

For our opinion, some recent investigations demand reconsidering of that situation.

First of all, the lepton charges are not the carrier of any observable fields and do not exhibit themselves in any long-range interactions.

Further, the values of a part of neutrino parameters having contrary to leptonic charges certain physical sense, never were determined experimentally but were derived from theoretical representation of neutrino as a member of leptons group. It is no wonder since the neutrino-lepton can exhibit itself only in weak interactions such as direct and inverse b -decay and observed sections of its capturing or scattering are too small for allowing reliable measurement of mention parameters values.

Besides, the existing theories of neutrino seem to have exhausted completely their prognostic ability.

2. The suggested concept of neutrino

All mentioned above forced us to suggest the novel concept of neutrino the essence of that is shown in a title of the paper. The present concept has a series of experimentally testable corollaries, it also allows to reconsider earlier known but the disregarded experimental facts, and it also forces to ascribe to neutrino and its antiparticle other set of parameters than it is traditionally considered.

Being a quantum of radiation, the neutrino can be realized in a very wide frequency band and, accordingly, energies, similarly to its electromagnetic analog. However, solely the fact that neutrino possesses a half-integer spin does not allow to identify it with an electromagnetic quantum. We state that the neutrino is a quantum of so-called torsion radiation. Though initiated by Einstein’s and Cartan’s papers at the beginning of twentieth century [1-3], the theory of torsion fields and radiation still is outside the mainstream physics, despite of manifold experimental manifestations of torsion fields [4].

The relation of neutrino parameters values in traditional and novel considerations is presented in the table 1.

3. Discussion

1. Sections of a neutrino-lepton capturing by the matter is negligible small at low energies and increases in parallel with increasing of energy.

Contrary, the dependence of sections of interaction of neutrino-torsions with matter (nuclei, nucleones etc.) on energy has a resonant mode. “Stable” nuclei and particles have a very narrow resonant band and lowest values of section beyond it, and “unstable” ones have wide resonance region and values of noted section in its vicinity well distinct from zero. Last statement is partly a corollary of a neutrino-torsion consideration and is partly deduced from the known experimental facts that will be reconsidered below. Worth noting that the suggestion a nonzero rest-mass of neutrino-lepton also leads to disruption of a monotonic decrease of a capture cross-section at an energy reduction: it at first goes out on a plateau, and then increases, exceeding conventional estimations more than by 10¹² times [5].

2. Distinction of members of a neutrino-leptons subgroup, i.e. the electronic, muonic and tauonic neutrino, is described by different values of lepton numbers (charges), assigned to them, that are specific to each kind of particles (and antiparticles, correspondingly).

We, contrary, suggest that neutrino, being not a lepton, have no lepton charges. The neutrino-torsions differ solely by magnitude of their energy that is approximately 0..1 MeV of "electronic" one, about 100 MeV of "muonic" one and about 1 GeV of "tauonic" one. "Non-identity" of electronic and muonic neutrinos exhibited in two-neutrino and other experiments, is explained by the very resonant character of neutrino absorption by matter (see above). The elimination of lepton charge requires, as it is known, a nonzero rest-mass of neutrino [6], that is also consistent with a non-monotone behavior of neutrino capture cross-section dependence on an energy [5].

3. The neutrino- and the antineutrino-leptons differ from one another by opposite sign of their half-integer spin (more precisely, by the sign of a spin projection to a direction of translation) and by opposite sign of a specific lepton charge.

The neutrino-torsions differ by their spin (angular momentum, projection of a spin to a direction of translation) solely. The lepton charge is eliminated as having no physical sense. The term "neutrino" in conventional consideration is appropriated to particles generated in fusion reactions 4 ¹H ® ⁴He and b⁺ - decay accompanied by formation of antiparticles-positrons, and "antineutrino" to particles originating from b^- - decay and nuclear fission accompanied by formation of particles-electrons. As an occasion for such a notation has served that, within the framework of thermonuclear model of energy of stars, an amount of "neutrinos" in the Universe should exceed an amount of "antineutrinos", at least, by two decimal orders of magnitude. Such approach we consider as an arbitrary one. So, the problem of selection between a particle and antiparticle is not certain yet.

4. It is suggested that the translation velocity of a neutrino-lepton is about the speed of light but does not exceed it, corresponding to the fact that the latter is the greatest possible translation velocity of any material particle.

Some experimental observations prove a possibility of interactions transmission with velocities much more than the same of light [7]. We suggest that these interactions are the torsion ones and are carried out by means of neutrinos having relevant energies. Shipov [8] also assigns to torsions super-light translation velocity on the basis of theoretical insights on torsion radiation. The recent data on the rest mass of neutrino (see below) also provide an experimental proof of the fact that the neutrino can be tachionic one. Terletskiy [9] and other authors [10,11] state that possible paradoxes due to faster-than-light movement of particles can be satisfactory solved. An extra-light velocity of neutrino does not contradict the known fact that neutrinos and gammas originated from supernova blast reach Earth-based detectors simultaneously. Due to the known reciprocal relation between the tachion energy E and velocity n (see, e.g., [12]):

       (1)

where m is an absolute value of tachion imaginary rest mass, c – velocity of light, n must be very close to c when E >> m c². So an absolute value of neutrino rest mass is barely more than some tens of electron-volts, velocity of neutrinos detectable by available methods is extremely close to the c (nor for the extra-low energy neutrino having free energy, say, some electron-volts or even less).

5. The rest mass of neutrino-lepton is, most likely, equal to zero. Available experimental data for the benefit of the opposite suggestion [6] yield an upper bound of a possible rest mass of neutrino. In any case, the possibility of solely real rest mass value of neutrino is considered.

However, recent estimation of an antineutrino rest mass made on the basis of the analysis of high-energy "tail" of decay spectra of tritium, yield negative values for quadrate of this magnitude and, hence, imaginary ones for the rest mass proper [12-15]. Reluctance to accept the fact of an imaginary rest mass for really existing particle (antiparticle, according to the conventional notation) has induced some authors to developing the theories explaining the above artifact by certain new interactions of a long-range abnormal neutrino by means of a potential, equal to the total of Yukawa’s potentials [16]. Other authors even introduce a new hypothetical particle – certain light weak-interacting scalar boson that implements interaction within some neutrino cloud, and the parameters of neutrino are determined by a density of this neutrino cloud [17]. All above forced author of [18] to deny existence of neutrino and to offer the non-local version of the law of conservation of energy similar to the Mössbauer effect for balance of energy at b -decay instead.

As to a mass of a neutrino-torsion having velocity n > c , its rest mass should be imaginary one, as it is shown above. The hypothetical possibility of an imaginary mass of particles issuance was surveyed, in particular, in the book of Terletsky [9]. In that time the author of [9] had the foundation to state that the particles having an imaginary rest mass are not observed. By virtue of an experimental detection of faster than light physical interactions [7,19], now it is possible to put forward an opposite statement. It is interesting that in [9] the existence of two non-identical sub-types of particles having an imaginary mass are predicted, namely, the ones having both positive and negative energy values, that can be identified with neutrino-torsions and antineutrino-torsions, correspondingly. Some observations show, perhaps, that the latter’s velocities can be negative [19].

6. The energy of a neutrino-lepton may be expressed as a production of its mass and of light velocity by a known Einstein’s relation E = mc².

The energy of a neutrino-torsion, contrary, must be expressed by formula (1); also, being a quantum of radiation, it is bound by a known relation to frequency (with numerical factor of ½) E = ½hw , here w is a frequency of torsion. As the circular frequency can have two opposite signs ("right" and "left" torsion, i.e. "clockwise" and "contra-clockwise" as related to the direction of translation), so far as the energy of neutrino-torsion can be both positive and negative. According to conclusion made at [9], the energy of an antiparticle having an imaginary mass also should be negative. That eventually allows us to make a selection between a particle and antiparticle in a subgroup of neutrino. As a sub-type emitted in b - decay (“an antineutrino!”), has a measurable positive energy, it should be considered as a particle. Vice-versa, an energy magnitude of “a neutrino” generated, presumably, in fusion reactions:

never was measured and can appear to be negative. Therefore, we regard necessary to identify “a neutrino” with “an antitorsion” and to consider it as an antiparticle, and “an antineutrino” with “a torsion” considering it as a particle. Due to the stated above, it is offered to avoid further a title “neutrino”, as shown in the table 2, in order to prevent terminological confusion.

Worth noting that the supposition about neutrino participation in torsion interactions was made by Shipov [8, page 186]. However, it is inconsistent that, eventually, has not allowed the author of [8] to identify an antineutrino with torsion and to offer the path of verification of the hypothesis: it is stated that the torsion radiation does not transfer an energy, the neutrino, presumably, “represents itself a kind of a material torsion field transferring an energy”. The analysis of this inconsistency was done in [20].

4. Conclusions

Conventional classification of a neutrino-lepton and the values of parameters, assigned to it, are appreciably speculative. Contrary to the conventional model, our concept allows to make some predictions that, on the one hand, are critical and not consistent with representation of neutrino-lepton and, on the other hand, allow an experimental testing at a present state-of-the-art. Here they are.

1. The neutrino is the physical carrier of entropy (negaentropy) and non-reversibility. Being not exclusively a nuclear particle, neutrino (antineutrino) can be emitted and absorbed not only under nuclear reactions of direct and inverse b - decay but also under non-nuclear processes such as irreversible processes accompanied by production of entropy that take place in highly non-equilibrium systems (neutrino-torsions) and, vice-versa, under processes of self-organization of matter accompanied by reduce of entropy in dissipative structures (antineutrino-torsions).

2. The instrumental generation of neutrino-torsions and antineutrino-torsions is also possible. Due to the laws of conservation of energy, impulse and angular momentum, particles and antiparticles should be emitted simultaneously and in equal quantities by the same process, and vectors (angles) of their departure to be directed to opposite directions. It must be noted, also, that saying “an energy” as related to neutrino-torsion, we really bear in mind “the free energy” in its thermodynamic sense, and the total (internal) energy of neutrino-torsion is equal to zero [20].

3. The flows of antineutrinos and neutrinos (torsions and antitorsions), emitted by one of above modes, can affect non-equilibrium and self-organizing systems and processes within them, both accelerating and decelerating the latter, up to altering their direction. It is possible, that the absorption of these particles is resonant, i.e. amplifies dramatically at particular frequencies (angular torsion velocities) of torsions. However, it is also possible that section of absorption dependence on energy is reciprocal for low-energy processes (energy << 1 MeV), similar to that derived in ref. [5].

4. Low-energy neutrino generated as shown above can be absorbed by atomic nuclei by non-threshold mode with considerable capture cross-sections. It explains recent data on multiple acceleration of nuclear reactions of fusion, decay and fission (so-called cold fusion and transmutation of nuclei – see, for example, [21]) in highly non-equilibrium and self-organizing systems. It is probable also, that the majority of nuclear reactions of fusion, decay and fission are initiated by a natural neutrino background.

5. A neutrino-torsion and its antiparticle have to be placed in one group of elementary particles with a quantum of electromagnetic radiation, i.e. photon. It is probable that the latter can be formed as a result of torsion-antitorsion pair fusion; if that pair possesses equal values of angular torsion velocities (frequencies), “normal” planar polarized photon to be formed, if the latter parameters differ slightly, circularly polarized one appears. Reverse process of photon fission yielding torsion-antitorsion pair is also probable:

     (2)

Finally, if the proposed concept is valid, the table of fundamental particles in a part concerning light and super-light ones and their anti-particles, must be as follows (see table 2):

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