Search for Not-High Energy Neutrino (NNN) Manifestation in Nature:

I. Identification of Quantum of Torsion Radiation

V.A.Filimonov

Abstract

Hypothetical torsion radiation (TR) quantum – the torsion – is a particle having half-integer (1/2) spin. Its absorption by substance has a resonance mode, it is the carrier of unit (1) of negaentropy/entropy, its free energy is determined by a frequency of rotation, and its total energy is equal to zero. It is the fundamental carrier of irreversibility in the Nature. The torsion may appear in four different kinds of TR or torsion field (TF).
   1. Rotating objects outcome stationary TF of axial symmetry, that represents itself a simultaneous emission and absorption of torsions in opposite directions.
   2. Similar symmetry TFs may be generated by relevant hardware but in this case through flux of the same sign torsions via the center of symmetry occurs instead, and broad frequency spectrum TR yield is also possible.
   3. Monochromatic TRs of central (spherical) symmetry are radiated or absorbed reversible at phase transitions of the order-disorder type.
   4. Spherical symmetry TR generation of one sign (+) and a wide frequency spectrum occurs in irreversible processes, which determines the irreversibility proper and the time course in the system.

I. Introduction

The question – either known four interactions, including strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational one, are the only fundamental interactions in the Nature or no, is a troubling one during last some decades. Some researchers suggest so-called torsion fields (TF) and interactions for “the fifth force” while others refuse accept torsion matter as the fact of the Nature. The goal of this paper is the correct statement of a hypothesis on the quantum of torsion radiation (TR), that would provide reference points for carrying out fundamental experiments and would also allow correct interpretation of a series of already detected but misinterpreted experimental facts.

2. Formulation

We use the term TR to stress the fact of discreteness, that is a quantum nature, of this hypothetical phenomenon. A problem of TF existence was posed as far ago as in the papers [1-3] and is intensively discussed last years. Nevertheless, modern state of both theoretical [4,5] and experimental aspects of the former [5-7] is not satisfactory despite of some torsion technologies having been developed. It is the sequel of the fact that some insights on TF are uncertain and even contradicting to fundamental concepts of physics [8] (we, however, caution against ungrounded expansion of those concepts list).

Let’s consider and discuss some of those erroneous insights.

1). It is stated that TR have unlimited penetration ability and practically do not interact with matter [4-7].

Whether it would be so, their detection required detectors of huge volume, and detected event were extremely scarce. Contrary, the detectors used in works [5-7] had moderate sizes and were responsive enough to perceive a signal as continuous one. In the greater degree it concerns papers [9,10] dealing, for our opinion, with the same matter, where sensitive small sized detectors were used.

The matter, presumably, is that TRs quanta – the torsions – can have a broad frequency (energy) spectrum, and their absorption by matter must be implemented by solely resonant process. Neglect of the fact leads to the above-stated paradox.

where R₀ is size of a radiation source, I₀ is a radiation intensity on its surface.

This erroneus conclusion was deduced from the results of experiments on torsion communication [5,6], when the intensity of response of the detector was a stationary value within a distance range of 1 × 10⁰.. 2 × 10⁴ m. However, it is known from the theory of a radio communication [11] that the reception of extremely weak signal is possible if one deduces unlimitedly the period of reception. A system having extremely slow response was used as a receiver in noted experiments, that has stipulated a prolongation of signal duration which resulted in a maximal response of the detector at any intensity of reception.

Similar effect is ascribed in a radio communication (near-field region of reception), too [5,11]. This fact may provide an exhaustive explication of the situation: so torsions are supposed to be the tachions, their translation velocities must exceed the speed of light c the more, the less is their energy (frequency); the same concerns their wavelength values l . The certain estimations depend on the rest mass of a torsion (more correctly, on the modulus of the latter, because the rest mass proper of a tachion must have imaginary value) that is unknown yet. Even if one guesses that the torsion rest mass modulus is as small as 10^-6 of an electron mass, its translation velocity must be about 10⁹ c and its wavelength to be equal almost 10 11 meters. As the near-field region of reception is about l [11], it would be possible to receive non-decayed torsion signal at that distance, using relevant antenna and receiver.

3). It is stated that TR transfer the information, but supposedly possess no energy [4-7].

Transmission of information, as it is known [11], needs variation of a free energy of the receiver F. Therefore it is necessary, that TR quantum received possesses nonzero value of a free energy ¦ > 0 . The conclusion about a zero value of TR energy is a sequel of the known fact that the absorption of a free energy by system can result in no deduce of a total energy of a system (but increments ability of system to yield work). The latter needs some comment: as F is a part of a total internal energy of a system E:

here S is an entropy, it seems that E ≠ 0 unanimously for TR. However, it is valid only for a case of S > 0 [12] (that is used to be considered as a self-evident). But, within the guess (see below) that the "right-hand" torsion q R , contrary to the "left-hand" anti-torsion q L, is the carrier of unity of partial nega-entropy, it appears, that the torsion can have positive or negative value of a partial free energy ¦ and a zero value of a total (internal) energy e :

Another and very probable reason of the fact that proposed “torsion generation hardware” action to objects seems to be immensurable high as related to the energy income is as follows: those “generators” are, in fact, “torsion lenses” focusing TR from space rather than generate them. The difference may be shown by the sketch at fig.1,a: there cones (+) and ( - ) are both signs torsion radiations within a rotary object torsion generation case [9,10.17] and “output” and “input” flows within a “hardware torsion lens” case [5], correspondingly.

Fig. 1. Torsion fields patterns and corresponding torsion radiations spectra (figures on graphs are the noted types of TF – see in text)

4). It is stated that by virtue of chirality of a torsion TFs have solely axial symmetry, which causes their features (2,3).

As it is shown below, TR of 1st and 2nd types formed by rotary objects and instrumental oscillation, correspondingly, indeed, have an axial symmetry. The fields of 3rd and 4th types formed by reversible (phase transition) or irreversible (destruction) processes accompanied by an entropy variation, correspondingly, can have central symmetry (see fig. 1).

3. Torsion as a hypothetical quantum of torsion radiation

First of all, we must note that for existence of torsion it is necessary that an element of space (physical vacuum) also have proper chirality. Such model of “quantum of space” (QS) as a mass point having geometrical properties of a torus is offered in [13]. The model presenting QS as an electromagnetic quadruple consisting from electrical and magnetic dipoles traversed at right angle is more visual [14]. If the latter is supplemented by our allowance about a spatial arrangement of noted dipoles crossed similarly to opposite edges of a tetrahedron, such structure possesses chirality and can ensure an opportunity of translation in space of both lateral (electromagnetic radiation) and torsion (TR) strains (fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Electromagnetic quadruple and its mirror image

Let's list some supposed properties of torsion and show interrelation between them.

1). Spin.

First of all, the torsion should be a fermion (having half-integer spin value), so the TR quanta can have spins of both signs according to different directions of rotation concerning a direction of translation. Usually it is guessed that TRs are generated by rotated object having the deflection size and mass. Let's assume, that the free energy of a torsion ¦ is equal:

where h is the Plank’s constant, w  is rotation frequency. If one knows a total energy of rotation:

it is possible to calculate a number of torsions N, presumptively released and absorbed by rotated object during a time interval relevant to a period of rotation:

As one can see, N might be much more than one under real angular velocities of rotation of material bodies. Also, if one recalls the hypothesis that the TR quanta should be the tachions (see above), the wavelength of them must exceed the linear dimensions of rotating body manifold. We suggest that in this case system behave itself in such a way, as not an emission of discrete torsions but formation of "bound vortex" interpreted as a continuum TF takes place. Probably, it had been already confirmed experimentally [15,16]. Similar type TF having an axial symmetry of a system should occur under a relevant hardware TR generation [5,6] but in this case through flux of the same sign torsions via the center of symmetry occurs instead, and broad frequency spectrum TR yield is also possible (see also a note about “torsion lenses” above).

2). Entropy and nega-entropy.

Entropy S is an additive function [12], and it is possible to suspect, that each torsion q_R , irrespectively of its energy (frequency), bears one unity of partial nega-entropy ( - s) , and anti-torsion q_L – of partial entropy (+s). These functions can be related to other ones as follows:

here T is temperature. (As T is the intensive function, contrary to F, E and S, it can’t be assigned to torsion, but to medium that absorbs the former. We consider that T is not necessarily thermodynamic (TD) temperature but some generalized function – we shall term it as “the systemic temperature” – that plays a role of TD temperature in condensed media.

The equation (3) is, in fact, the requirement of resonant absorption of torsion. We consider an observation of both signs TR (presumably) under phase transitions (PT) of melting-crystallization type implementation in different substances in papers [9, 10] as the experimental proof of the formula (3). We figure, that these TRs are monochromatic ones, which determines a reversibility of the process, as it will be shown below. It is known that noted TRs belong to an “order-disorder” type, in which ones the energy, brought to a system, is transmuted into the total of degrees of freedom, i.e. an entropy, of the system constituents, and vice versa [12].

Let's note also, that a requirement of a resonance absorption of q_L having ¦ < 0, is the negative temperature of the system-receiver. As it is known, those temperatures have been implemented in spin systems [17]; however, we figure, that the circle of such systems should be extended.

3). Chronality.

The term “chronality” [9], that means a manifestation of a course of time under physical process proceeding is, in fact, an expression of non-reversibility in physics. The misunderstanding of an essence of connection of the described properties of torsion with a course of time manifestation has caused a misinterpretation of observations [18] and experiments [9,10]. Above mentioned PTs are completely reversible, and after terminating a melting-crystallization cycle the system has the same values of TD parameters E, F, S as before the cycle, that is equivalent to the absence of a course of time in a system. The non-reversibility of process must be connected, on the one hand, with high rate of its going, and on the other one, with formation of an “exuberant” entropy dS that is not a function of state of a system but a function of a process itself [19]:

where d stands for very small but nonzero increments of functions, c is so-called coordinate of a process varying from 0 up to 1, t_c is a duration of a process, and the matching factor K must have the relevant dimensionality:

Note that the dimensionality of the left-hand part of the formula (4) is inverse to dimensionality of a time. We suggest that this term of expression is connected unanimously with frequency of a generated torsion, as a result of which we receive:

And, finally, the connection between chronal, spinal and entropic aspects of torsion radiation can be expressed as follows:

In the latter case, contrary to the former one, there occurs generation of torsions having a broad frequency spectrum due to a randomized character of t_c value. The latter fact along with the resonant character of torsion absorption by substance determines, proper, the non-reversibility of the process. We consider here the results of experiments [9, 10] on observation of a broad spectrum of supposedly TR of one sign at irreversible processes of brittle cracking of solids as a proof of the above statement. The alternate guess on another than torsion elementary carriers of non-reversibility (photons and phonons radiated ostensibly under so-called “spontaneous” electromagnetic radiation [20]) must be recognized as wrong one due to omission in [20] of entropic criterion of non-reversibility (4).

4. Conclusion

The hypothesis on the TR quantum (torsion) contributing to its reliable identification is presented. Suggestion on the existence of fundamental particle that is the light neutral tachionic (n > c) fermion having half-integer spin, may be resonantly absorbed by substance and combines spinal, entropic and chronal features can provide a novel insight on modern physics. Some hypothetical and heretical items of modern physics, such as micro-leptonic [16,17], scalar [22] and longitudinal [23] magnetic fields, non-Hertzian [22], chronal [9,10] and even quasi-observed magnetic monopole radiations [24] and notorious biological and geological fields [7], may be explained within the above consideration as a manifestation of various energy and origin torsion radiations. Further perfecting of existing approaches to TR generation and detection, including development of a torsion spectrometry, and also build-up of the correct theory are necessary for successful fundamental study of TR.

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